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Nat Protoc. Download references. The authors sincerely thank Dr. Xiu-Ping Xu, Ms. Rong-Hua Liang and Ms. Chun-Yan Zhang from the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences for the excellent technical assistance on Micro-CT, microscopy observation and photosynthesis measurement, respectively. We also thank Mr. Wei-Tao Jin for his help on the phylogeny reconstruction.
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. XQW conceived the study. HD and XQW designed the study. HD performed most of the laboratory experiments and the data analysis.
All authors have read and approved the manuscript. Correspondence to Xiao-Quan Wang. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Diverse morphologies of Pinaceae leaves. Ads, adaxial side; Abs, abaxial side. SEM micrographs of sclereids from leaves of Pinus krempfii a , Pseudotsuga menziesii b and Nothotsuga longibracteata c. Red arrows indicate the sclereids.
Sclereids of Pinus krempfii shown in Additional file 2 : Figure S2a. Sclereids of Pseudotsuga menziesii shown in Additional file 2 : Figure S2b. Sclereids of Nothotsuga longibracteata shown in Additional file 2 : Figure S2c. Phloroglucinol staining of xylem in the needlelike leaves of Cedrus deodara a , Picea smithiana b , Pinus armandii c and Pinus tabuliformis d.
Stomatal conductance and transpiration rate for needlelike and flattened leaves under two gradients of irradiance. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
Reprints and Permissions. Du, H. The flattened and needlelike leaves of the pine family Pinaceae share a conserved genetic network for adaxial-abaxial polarity but have diverged for photosynthetic adaptation. BMC Evol Biol 20, Download citation.
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Download PDF. Abstract Background Leaves have highly diverse morphologies. Results Based on a detailed morpho-anatomical study of leaves from all 11 Pinaceae genera, we particularly investigated the expression patterns of adaxial-abaxial polarity genes in two types of leaves needlelike and flattened and compared their photosynthetic capacities. Conclusions Our study provides the first evidence for the existence of a conserved genetic module controlling adaxial-abaxial polarity in the development of different Pinaceae leaves.
Background Most extant genera of conifers, the largest lineage of gymnosperms, originated in the middle and late Mesozoic, while a majority of extant species recently diverged until the Neogene and are now widely distributed throughout the world except Antarctica [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ].
Full size image. Pinaceae flattened and needlelike leaves have diverged for photosynthetic adaptation As the basis of life on Earth, photosynthesis is mainly determined by three factors, i. Conclusions Leaf developmental mechanisms have been studied extensively in angiosperms, but rarely in gymnosperms due to their long generation times and large genome sizes. Methods Plant materials Because leaf morphology is generally conserved within most genera of Pinaceae, a total of 16 species representing all 11 genera of Pinaceae were sampled Additional file 10 : Table S1.
Morphological and anatomical observations Current-year fresh mature leaves were used to observe the morphology and anatomy under a stereomicroscope M C, Leica Camera AG, Germany.
RNA extraction and qPCR analysis To explore the expression patterns of the adaxial-abaxial polarity genes, we selected five representative species Abies firma , Pseudotsuga menziesii , Pinus armandii , Pinus tabuliformis and Picea smithiana of the flattened and needlelike leaves to perform qPCR analysis. In situ hybridization To test whether the polarity genes also present the adaxial-abaxial expression pattern in the distinct Pinaceae leaves, the samples of Abies holophylla and Picea smithiana were used for in situ hybridization.
Measurement of photosynthetic capacity The measurement of photosynthetic capacity was conducted on 8 species growing in IBCAS.
Availability of data and materials The new sequences identified in this study have been submitted to GenBank, with accession numbers shown in Additional file 2 : Table S2. References 1. Book Google Scholar 5. Article Google Scholar Google Scholar CAS Google Scholar PubMed Article Google Scholar Book Google Scholar Acknowledgements The authors sincerely thank Dr.
View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Supplementary information. Additional file 1: Figure S1. Additional file 2: Figure S2. He holds a B. Birch Tree Identification. Types and Species of Cone-bearing Trees. The Difference Between a Grassland and Savanna. Taiga Plant Adaptations. Types of Leaf Patterns.
Types of Trees in Swamps. Cedar Tree Identification. What Are Five Examples of the Coniferophyta? They appear, well, more needle-like than leaf-like. There are additional, if less visible, differences.
Evergreen leaves often have a blue-white, wax-like coating. And the pores through which they exchange oxygen, water vapor, and carbon dioxide with the atmosphere — their stomates — tend to be sunken below that surface. Unlike the obvious veins of broad leaves, evergreen leaves typically run their vascular systems buried deeper within and surrounded by the photosynthetic cells closer to the surface.
Taken together, these traits suggest a tree built to make do in harsh environments. Think winter, when water can be very hard to come by and there is nearly continuous abrasion from wind, snow, and ice and relentless browsing by hungry animals. If a tree is to keep its leaves through winter, they had better be very tough and good at minimizing water loss.
Thus, our evergreen intrigue. The hardwoods go out in a blaze of color at the first hint of cold, and nobody can blame them. Imagine what would happen to those flimsy leaves in winter.
Compact needle shape and waxy coverings minimize water loss.
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